Challenging Misconceptions: U.S. and Chinese Foreign Aid Strategies in Africa and Their Diverging Impacts

• Ayla Wallace, International Relations, University of Delaware

• Alice Ba, IR, University of Delaware

This project examines the competing visions of foreign aid in Africa, focusing on the contrasting approaches of the United States and China. In recent years, U.S. aid practices have become increasingly fractured, with its increased focus on securing U.S. national security, seeking to counter China’s influence rather than addressing Africa’s development needs. In contrast, China’s approach to aid in Africa has been defined by non-interference and mutual benefit and seems to be more aligned with the strategic interests and developmental wants of African nations. China emphasizes presenting itself as a partner in development rather than a dominant power. Its position as a self-identified developing nation, as well as sharing a mutual past of colonialism has made it a very attractive alternative to Western aid actors in the eyes of most African states. These strategies resonate with many African nations, which are increasingly seeking alternatives to Western-imposed aid conditions.

U.S.-driven narratives often portray China’s involvement in Africa as exploitative, citing concerns over “debt-trap diplomacy” and resource extraction. However, evidence suggests that these narratives oversimplify China’s lending practices and underestimate the agency and ability of African states to manage their relationships with China. This project argues that the U.S. must reassess its approach, focusing on Africa’s needs and potential rather than solely countering China. By engaging with Africa on its own terms and supporting sustainable development, the U.S. can play a more constructive role in the continent’s future